The Adaptation of Archaea to Acidity Free Essays

The adaptation of archaea in acidic condition. How archaea adapt to acidic environment ? Use variety pH homeostatic mechanism that involve restricting proton entry by cytoplasmic membrane and purging of protons and their effect by cytoplasm. pH homeostatic mechanisms The cell membrane is highly impermeable to protons Membrane channel have a reduced pore size. We will write a custom essay sample on The Adaptation of Archaea to Acidity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Protein influx inhibited by chemiosmotic gradient Excess proton pumped out of the cell Cytoplasmic buffering helps to maintain the intracellular pH 1. The cell membrane is highly impermeable to protons High impermeable cell membrane to restrict proton influx into the cytoplasm Example : Archaeal-specific structures composed of tetraether lipids . Thermoplasma acidophilum, Ferroplasma acidiphilum, sulfolobus solfataricus. Factor causing low permeability of acidophile membranes. Monolayer composed of unique â€Å"tetraether lipids† in which two hydrophilic heads attached to the same hydrophobic tail through ether bonds – more stable, less fluid Bulky isoprenoid core. Ether linkage characteristic of these membranes less sensative to acid hydrolysis than ester linkage. 2. Membrane channel have a reduced pore size. Control size of the entrance to the pore and the ion selectivity at the porin entrance. Control influx of proton across the outer membrane 3. Protein influx inhibited by chemiosmotic gradient Inhibit the influx of protons using a chemiosmotic barrier against the proton gradient (higher ? lower) Chemiosmosis : diffusion of hydrogen ion across the biological membrane via transport protein due to a proton gradient that form on the other side of the membrane. 4. Excess proton pumped out of the cell Active proton pumping Remove excess protons from cytoplasm and balance the pH value in cell. Sequences acidophile genomes have proton efflux systems. 5. Cytoplasmic buffering helps to maintain the intracellular pH Intracellular mechanism help to improve the ensuing biological damage. Cytoplasmic buffer molecules that have basic amino acids capable of sequestering protons. Thus maintain the pH in cytoplasm. References 1. D. B. Johnson, K. B. Hallberg The microbiology of acidic mine waters Res. Microbiol. , 154 (2003), pp. 466–473 2. G. K. Druschel  et al. Acid mine drainage biogeochemistry at Iron Mountain California. Geochem. Trans. , 5 (2004), pp. 13–32 3. T. Rohwerder  et al. Bioleaching review part A. Progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 63 (2003), pp. 239–248 How to cite The Adaptation of Archaea to Acidity, Papers

Master of Public Health Increased Awareness of Health

Question: Discuss about the Master of Public Health for Increased Awareness of Health Answer: Introduction: Increased awareness of health and illness (physical, mental or sexual) tends to improve the uptake of healthy behavior. Background: Health awareness programs raises consciousness about health-influencing factors (Tones et al., 2013). It fosters empowerment where an individual becomes capable of making informed choices and adopting "life-skills approach" (Ranganathan Lagarde 2012). Substantive evidence is available to the fact that health awareness program is strongly linked to health and health behaviors. Randomized controlled trials testing the impact of health education have demonstrated that it has potential to increase the uptake of health promoting behavior and change behavior that caused illness (Yuen Tarrant, 2014). A survey conducted by (Broekhuizen et al., 2012) found that comprehensive health awareness campaigns in North Karelia reduced consumption of the saturated fats and salts with significant transformation of dietary habits. This declined the mortality ischemic heart disease mortality by 73%. However, a weakness of evidence till date is that the not much assessment of the effect of he alth awareness programs has measured the education in terms of the duration of a program. The hypothesis that the effect of health promoting programs in addition to duration depends on the nature and quality of the learning provision is neglected. Further weakness is the short supply of this evidence being presented in Australia. Most of the evidence is available from the UK and Germany based researchers. Indigenous Australians are highly represented in obesity and Diabetes prevalence as well as other chronic illnesses (McDermot et al., 2015). This rationalizes the study being conducted in Australia and to determine the relation between long-term participation in health awareness program and increase in uptake of health behavior by people. Research Hypothesis: The central hypothesis is that effectiveness of the health awareness program on the uptake of health behavior is more with long duration and high quality of learning provision. The dependent variables of investigation include measurement of quality of a program and the duration. The independent variable is the location of the awareness program. Study design: For the quantitative investigation, deductive research approach and descriptive study design will be used. The research study will be conducted in Queensland in the indigenous areas with the duration of the survey being three months. Sampling technique: A probability sampling technique primarily stratified sampling will be used in the study and the target population mainly considered are Indigenous Australians. The sample size of 167 will be selected in this study. The study includes both female and male respondents. The inclusion criteria for the study includes- age 25-50 years, Indigenous origin and belonging to rural areas have participated in one or more health awareness programs but has no illness have chronic diseases and has taken part in health awareness programs The study excludes people who are non-Indigenous and those who have not participated in health awareness programs and those belonging to urban areas. Data collection: Both primary and secondary data will be collected for the study. The secondary data is collected from the literature review, newspaper articles, trusted websites, and books. The primary data will be collected by a survey (questionnaires based on Likert scale, interviews, telephones, website) with close-ended questions. Statistical analyses: The primary data collected, will be analyzed by Spearmans Rank Correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney U-test, t-test (95% confidence level), one way ANOVA, and SPSS software. Cronbachs alpha will be used to test the reliability of the data. Ethical application: The applications and documents to comply with the ethical standards will be submitted to Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Research Ethics Committee." Limitation of the study: Geographical location may be the major limitation that may give biased data. On the other hand, different people may interpret the survey questions in a different way due to language barrier which may disturb the accuracy of results. However, the questionnaire will be prepared in a language spoken by a majority of the respondents. The significance of the study: The study is significance in developing knowledge about how quality and duration of health awareness programs affects the uptake of the health behavior by Indigenous people in Australia. Therefore, this study assists in designing and developing programs that maximize the effectiveness and increases the success rate. Increase in health consciousness through awareness campaigns and higher engagement of people in health promoting activities will decrease the rate of debilitating conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes, and other chronic illness. Consequently, it will reduce the morbidity and mortality rate. References Broekhuizen, K., Kroeze, W., van Poppel, M. N., Oenema, A., Brug, J. (2012). A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and dietary behavior promotion programs: an update.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,44(2), 259-286. McDermott, R. A., Schmidt, B., Preece, C., Owens, V., Taylor, S., Li, M., Esterman, A. (2015). Community health workers improve diabetes care in remote Australian Indigenous communities: results of a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC health services research,15(1), 1. Ranganathan, M., Lagarde, M. (2012). Promoting healthy behaviours and improving health outcomes in low and middle income countries: a review of the impact of conditional cash transfer programmes.Preventive medicine,55, S95-S105. Tones, K., Robinson, Y. K., Tilford, S. (2013).Health education: effectiveness and efficiency. Springer. Yuen, C. Y. S., Tarrant, M. (2014). Determinants of uptake of influenza vaccination among pregnant womena systematic review.Vaccine,32(36), 4602-4613.

Graduation Essays - Holocaust Literature, Night, 9, DraftZoro 4 Eva

As the suns rays shine through the football field where the ceremony of my graduation took place. Someone above must have known it was my graduation day and blessed me with a beautiful day. I was so excited that the night before the graduation I could not sleep at all. I tossed and turned all night, thinking about the graduation. I waited this moment for four long years in high school. Graduation is one of the memorable days of my life. On my graduation, I was filled with butterfly in my stomach. I was like an ant in the crowd waiting to be crushed. The place filled with students and staffs and conversation was excitedly exchange from one friend to another. I wondered around the place looking for my friends who are already laughing excitedly with each other. After searching through the crowd of people, I finally found them. I sneaked on them and suddenly without warning I tapped on one of my friends shoulder and yelled out ?HEY.? He jumped as if the earthquake has occurred. He turned around and said, ?You scare the hell out of me, man.? We were all laughing and the conversation began once more. ?So what do we do afterward I said. We started to discuss whether we went out to eat later or we go our separate way. My friends Cong asked me, ?what do you think? Where should we go after I turned to my female friend named Phuong and asked, ?Do you have any plan after this? If not, we should go out and celebrate, what do you think She answered me with no words but a shake of a head, and then she nodded for the two questions I asked. ?Then its settle, we will go out and celebrate later.? I yelled ?YEAH.? Suddenly, everyone started to run toward the field like lab mice ran back to its cage. We were like an army of bees brushed out of our hive with the common goal: going the football field where the ceremony started. We then raced to the field where everyone was and went to our seats that already arranged to us. As we sat there with the smell of green grass, and the fresh air under the blue sky, the faculty started to make their speeches and quietly we sat there. Listened to the wise words of the people who already been through life and now they shared their experiences with us. We sat there, gave them undivided attention and those magical words come in one ear and out the other. We did not care much of what they wanted to say, all we care about is celebrating afterward. We were too excited to listen even though those magical words may come handy one day. After long hours of speeches, the ceremony began. As the faculty started to call students? names and hand out the diploma, family and friends started to yell out something that alienated to me. Nevertheless, those screaming made the ceremony more exciting than ever. After many names being called, finally I heard my name. I stood up and started to walk toward the stadium where the diploma gave out. Butterfly started to fill my stomach, and as I walked toward the stadium, the chair caught my leg and I almost fell. I pulled myself together after my mind was shattered like a piece of class broken into millions of pieces. Little embarrassed, my face turned pale and everyone was giggling and whispering with one another. The short distance from the place, where I sat to the stadium seems like million miles away after the incident. I finally made it. One of the faculties hand me the diploma and said to me ?Congratulations, you made it.? as I walked toward and pulled my hand out to accept the reward for the four years of school. The sound of the clapping hands sound like firecrackers on the Chinese New Year. That moment will never leave me, it?s tattooed in my head and it will stay there for as long as I live. After the last person got the diploma, the principle yelled out ?CONGRATULATIONS, class of 1998? he

Large scale study Essay Example

Large scale study Essay Example Large scale study Essay Large scale study Essay They conducted a large scale study involving several thousand children (between the ages of 9-12) who watched a television programme, which was aimed to reduce sex-role stereotypes. They watched this once a week for thirteen weeks. They found substantial reductions in the stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about gender roles after exposure to these programmes. Greenfield (1984) supports this view, who found that Sesame Streets use of ethnic and disabled minorities helped children from minority groups to have a greater sense of cultural pride.Futhermore Mares (1996) examined research into anti-stereotyping and overall found that there was a moderate positive effect that children become less stereotyped in their attitudes and beliefs. However, one problem with the idea of anti-stereotyping is that it assumes there is some better stereotype. People may not agree about desirable stereotypes, but the use of stereotypes presumes that someone can and should make this decision. A further question in relation to anti-stereotypes is whether they work. Pingree (1978) challenged the idea of anti-stereotypes.He found that adolescent boys showed stronger stereotypes after they were shown commercials with women in non-traditional roles. Stimulation Hypothesis This explanation claims that media can have enormous potential for education. This maybe in terms of providing suitable models for children to imitate but may be most effective when individuals are placed in everyday situations and methods of resolution are provided. For example, an individual is shown behaving ant-socially and the television character deals with the situation in a pro-social manner.This explanation has been criticised because there is a danger that children will imitate the anti-social behaviour and disregard the resolution. However, Lovelace and Huston (1983) claimed that the most effective way of communicating a pro-social message may be to present the pro-social message without an anti-social behaviour. But, it has been argued that the conflict resolution strategy can effectively convey pro-social behaviour if there are a variety of models showing pro-social actions, if the pro-social resolution is given enough time and attention and if viewing conditions are sufficient.Further Research Evidence Friedrich and Stein (1973) studied pre-school children who watched episodes of a pro-social television programme. They found that the children remembered much of the pro-social behaviour information contained within the programme, and they behaved in a more helpful way than children who watched neutral or aggressive television. A further finding was that the children became even more helpful if they role-played pro-social events from the programmes.Baran (1979) studied children older children (between 8-10 years old). The children watched an episode of The Waltons, in which there was much emphasis on helping behaviour. The children were found to behave in a more pro-social way than other children who had not seen the programme. This confirms the link between pro-social media and aggression. Research focuses almost exclusively on the effects of television. Mares and Woodard (2001) considered how other media could have important pro-social effects.They claimed that childrens books have traditionally carried pro-social messages (e. g. Snow White who looked after Dwarves and triumphed over evil stepmother) which young children are especially fond of reading over and over again, reinforcing the message. Evaluation Hearold (1986) found that pro-social behaviour has been found to be on average twice as great the adverse effects of television violence on aggressive behaviour. This may be because programme makers try to get across pro-social messages, which is not the case for anti-social behaviours.However, research has been criticised in that a pro-social behaviour is measured immediately after viewing programmes, and there therefore may not be any real, long term effects. This has been shown by Sagotsky et al (1981). He showed children (6 and 8 years old) co-operative behaviour being modelled. He found that children of both ages showed an immediate increase in co-operative behaviour, however only the 8 year olds continued to show an increased co-operation seven weeks later. This suggests that pro-social television programmes has relatively short-term effects on some childrens pro-social behaviour.On the other hand Eisenberg (1983) argued that pro-longed viewing of pro-social programmes can result in substantial increases in childrens pro-social reasoning. Moreover, the link between pro-social media and behaviour has been criticised in that exposure to filmed models has less effect than exposure to real models. Overall, research on pro-social media is somewhat disappointing in terms of the moderate findings and the lack of interest from researchers, particularly when contrasted with the vast number of studies related to the anti-social effects of media on behaviour.Psychologists ought to give pro-social media affects more attention. Media Influences on anti-social behaviour Much emphasis has been put on the role of media in influencing anti-social behaviour. Explanations as to how the media can exert an anti-social influence upon an individuals behaviour have been proposed. Cognitive Priming One reason why media violence may play a part in producing aggressive behaviour is due to Cognitive Priming. The basic idea is that aggressive ideas in violent media activate aggressive thoughts and feelings in the viewers because they are associated in memory.After watching a violent film, the viewer is primed to act violently because a network of memories associated with violence has been activated. Research Evidence Evidence for the importance of cognitive priming has been reported by Josephson (1987). In Condition 1, Canadian boys were shown a television programme involving violence in the form of a gun battle, in which the snipers communicated with each other by the means of walkie-talkies. In Condition 2, the boys watched a non-violent programme about a motocross team.After the boys had watched the television programmes, they all played floor hockey. Before the game started, the referee gave the boys instructions either by a walkie-talkie or a tape recorder. The findings showed that the boys who watched the violent programme and received the instructions by a walkie-talkie were more aggressive during the hockey game than the boys who watched the same programme but received instructions by tape recording. This suggests that the walkie-talkie acted as a cue to aggression. Huesmaan (2001) also supported the cognitive priming explanation of aggression.He stated that the concept is useful in explaining why the observation of aggression in the media is often followed aggressive acts that differ from the original behaviour. Desensitisation Desensitisation provides another explanation of the relationship between anti-social media and aggression. This explanation suggests that frequent viewing of television violence causes viewers to be less anxious and responsive about actual violence, seeing it as normal. In the absence of this anxiety, violence is no longer inhibited and aggressive behaviour portrayed on television may be imitated.Research Evidence The explanation has received research support from Cline et al (1973) who found that boys who watched a steady diet of violent television showed less physiological arousal to new scenes of violence than participants in the control group did. This is supported by Thomas et al (1977) who showed two groups of children a videotape of young children behaving aggressively and recorded their physiological reactions. He found the same results in relation to Cline et als (1973) study.These studies therefore imply that reduced responsiveness may be associated with an increased acceptance of violent behaviour. However, this explanation has been challenged by Cumberbatch (2001) who argued that people might get used to screen violence but this does not mean that they will get used to violence in the real world. He claimed violence is more likely to make children frightened. Social Learning theory An alternative explanation that explains the effect of media on anti-social behaviour is Banduras (1986) Social Learning theory.Bandura argued that television can teach skills that may be useful in committing acts of violence. He suggested that children learn forms of behaviour through observational learning or modelling and this behaviour may be imitated subsequently. This is especially likely if the specific behaviour is reinforced because it increases the likelihood of the child imitating the behaviour. Imitation is also more likely if the observer identifies with the character on television e. g. same age. Research Evidence Banduras Bobo experiment (1961) supports his explanation.He carried out a study where Nursery children watched a film where an adult behaved aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. He found that children in the aggressive condition reproduced the physical and verbal behaviours modelled by the adult. However, children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression towards the dolls. This supports the view that children learn specific acts of aggression and also learn increased aggressiveness through imitating models even when such models are not real.There have also been anecdotal claims of copycat acts of violence. For example the two boys who murdered James Bulgar were said to have been inspired by the video Childs Play. However, there is no real evidence for this and Cumberbatch (2001) reports that no link was ever found. Furthermore, Hearold (1986) provided evidence that pro-social behaviours can also be learned from observing positive role models on television, especially if the models are rewarded for their behaviour.He also stated that it seems that the influence of television on pro-social behaviour is stronger than antisocial behaviour. All of the above explanations provide evidence that media can have an anti-social effect on behaviour. Further Research Evidence Research studies also support the view that media can have an anti-social effect on behaviour. For example Parke et al (1977) showed that aggression in delinquent boys rose if they watched violent films at home. In contrast, no change in aggressive behaviour was observed if they view non-violent films.However, it is hard to evaluate research conducted into the effects of media on anti-social behaviour because many of the studies are limited in scope, focusing only on the short term effects on behaviour of exposure to a single violent pr ogramme. Criticisms of research into the effect of media on anti-social behaviour Researchers have suggested that the media has no effect on aggression. Howitt and Cumberbatch (1974) conducted an analysis of 300 studies, which led to the conclusion that television violence does not influence childrens behaviour.A further criticism of explanations and research into the effect of media on anti-social behaviour is that there may be important individual differences which have to be taken into account. For example, people who are more aggressive may choose to watch anti-social programmes and are more influenced by them. Overall Evaluation Overall, evidence shows that media influences can have anti-social effects on behaviour. However, evidence has also been provided which claims it can also have pro-social effects. This suggests media may have both, depending on the context contained within the programme.

Central African Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Central African Republic - Essay Example Reports from humanitarian organizations providing assistance to the multitudes of displaced and wounded natives reveal the prevalence of countless human rights violations perpetrated by the conflicting parties. Understanding the etiology of ethnic conflict in the Central African Republic entails analyzing possible factors that instigated upheaval between natives in the region (Bouchard). Ethnic violence in the region predates the recent December 2012 violent attacks beginning in one year after the current President Franà §ois Bozizà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ascent to power in 2003. Michel Djotodia, leader of the UFDR based in the Northeastern region of the country instigated the Bush War, which involved indiscriminate violent attacks against the central government and its allies. Fighting spanned three years and finally ended in April 2007 after the signing of a peace treaty between rebel forces and the central government in Birao. All involved parties agreed to honor terms stipulated in the tre aty and work towards reconciliation. These included integration of rebel fighters into the central government’s army, a legitimization of UFDR, and provision of amnesty for the rebels affiliated with the UFDR. Amendments to the treaty occurred in 2009 resulting in the formation of a unity government and the setting of precise dates for the preceding local and presidential elections. Initially, both parties honored the terms of the agreement until President Bozizà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s re-election whereby, he returned to his inhumane treatment of the civilian population living in the country’s northern region. Torture, extra-judicial killings, and brutality against women and children propagated by the central government’s army became rampant in the northern region.

Italian Cinema and culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Italian Cinema and culture - Research Paper Example The movie bicycle thief is about a struggling head of the family who is trying to fight for his family survival. Looks for a job and when a hope finally arrives and he are offered a job to distribute posters (Samuel & Olive 40). His means of moving to work, his bicycle is stolen by an unfamiliar young man. Antonio, the father hopes that the police would help get the thief, only to learn that they are not interested in the case since Antonio does not have any witnesses to help with the investigations. Opting to literary look for the thief in the streets of Rome Antonio faces many challenges and finally doesn’t succeed. The other film life is beautiful is based on the life of a family that struggles to live a happy life as a unit. They live on a ranch oblivious of the occurrences outside. The war continued (Benigin 200). They are seized by soldiers on the day of their son’s birthday and taken to a common prison. The father, Guido wants to protect his son, Giosue, who is o nly four and a half and very innocent. He gives him a fictional, but almost believable story of how the family has won a trip, and they have to perform some tasks to win the reward. Guido is very convincing with his explanation and uses it to protect the son from the terrifying realities of life in prison especially for a child who is that young and separated from his mother. In the end, Guido is executed but does not want Guisue to witness it, so he tells him to hide as part of the ‘game’. Guisue spots his mother Dora in the crowd of other female prisoners, and that’s how he starts to connect the disappearance of his father and the â€Å"game† and recalls of his statements of him sacrificing for his family (Bullaro 200). These two movies express the struggles of the community members in the post war Italy. The families were trying to remain happy and keeping the hope for a better day to come. Since they are based on partially true experiences of the main characters they are realistic to their lives, which area characterized by; poverty, oppression, injustice and desperation. Poverty In both films, the families are facing financial constrains and means for survival. For instance, in the Bicycle thieves, Antonio had even pawned his bicycle before this job offer came up. They have to give up their dowry bed sheets to the pawnbroker in order to recover it. When the bicycle is then stolen, and they report the case to the police no much concern is shown. Father and son having to walk to the city to look for the thief, they could not afford other means to get there (Samuel & Olive 100). These scenes demonstrate the poverty of the urban Italian community at that time with most of them being unemployed and have to rely on odd job. For instance, Lamberto Maggirani, the character who played Antonio in the movie was a construction worker and the film reflected his actual life and the state of financial lack. The film was shot on location theref ore appearance of the characters on it reflects how they live. The small boy was real son. In life is beautiful, the head of the family could not raise enough money to afford his young family a home the end up being hosted at uncle’s ranch. The son believes the story that they had won a trip because to him the family rarely traveled away from home. This was a new experience (Benigin 200). He even believes that

Ethics of Care and Ethics of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics of Care and Ethics of Justice - Essay Example Thereupon, ethical prospects in nursing are at the core in this paper. Ethics of care seems to be taken for granted in nursing by many observers. It accompanies the idea of the Hippocratic Oath. Moreover, it makes the nurse-patient dialogue possible with emphasis on relief and recovery. However, this concept runs into the ethics of justice which can be narrowed down to a set of prescribed steps and norms in following nursing practice. Thus, the question of both ethical theories in their approaches toward contemporary medicine are to be duly analyzed so that to find out the best decision. ETHICS OF CARE Needless to say, current hospitals are full of professionals and those assisting them who can find out the right way in communication with patients. It is all about some psychological and moral obligations every nurse has at her/his disposal. The need for care is viewed to be paramount in hospitals. It makes the overall idea of recovery powerful. It goes without saying that a person can fight his/her illness starting from the inner decisions and inclinations. Believe it or not, such practice is well shared in the world. Moreover, it constitutes the need for care as a predominant impulse toward the inner recovery materializing in the physical healing. Ethics of care is well based on the personal relationships with a patient. It can be interpreted as the consideration of other’s point of view (Ashcroft, Dawson, & Draper, 2007). Care is a stimulus for every patient. Thus, a nurse able to follow up the prescriptions of her/his moral obligations before concrete patients, in particular, and the mankind, on the whole, has to use care every now and then. In other words, care is called to reduce patient’s vulnerability at the moment when it is critically high. Chesnay & Anderson (2011) admit in their study that ethics of care is generally focused on â€Å"attending to and meeting the needs of the particular others for whom we take responsibility† (p. 372). Thus, speaking ethically, the word â€Å"care† is already incorporated in the word â€Å"healthcare† justifying, therefore, the overall goal of the medicine. On the other hand, ethics of care seeks to pinpoint the need for relationship for the sake of striking a balance in gender roles. Definitely, women are more devoted to the caring; and the nursing ethics and ethics of care have become the pivotal virtues in the nursing practice far long ago (Yeo, 2010). To say more, ethical concerns should bear a confident character when applying to serious patients and those getting through some training and educational programs as a part of their recovery process (Klingberg-Allvin et al., 2007). Thus, the ethics of care is one of the first intentions coming on the part of a nurse despite of any circumstances or other impediments on her/his way. Again, relationship-based approach is what each nurse urges for. There is nothing more significant for a good and professionally fit nurse than to think about the need for assuring patients that they will be taken care of. To manage this prospect means to have an idea of where the nursing practice starts from: â€Å"The care ethics perspective cannot be understood in abstract or hypothetical terms, but only in actions stemming from caring relationships between people† (Sellman & Snelling, 2009, p. 60). Thus, any dispute on the nature of the ethics of care can be diminished due to a host of arguments on the importance of the first care aid and continuous care for patients throughout the period of hospitalization. Moreover, ethically grounded attitude of care on the part of a nurse is never a malfeasance. Ethics of justice Most researchers and observers are likely to state that ethics of justice serves a constraint for the